Image super-resolution is a common task on mobile and IoT devices, where one often needs to upscale and enhance low-resolution images and video frames. While numerous solutions have been proposed for this problem in the past, they are usually not compatible with low-power mobile NPUs having many computational and memory constraints. In this Mobile AI challenge, we address this problem and propose the participants to design an efficient quantized image super-resolution solution that can demonstrate a real-time performance on mobile NPUs. The participants were provided with the DIV2K dataset and trained INT8 models to do a high-quality 3X image upscaling. The runtime of all models was evaluated on the Synaptics VS680 Smart Home board with a dedicated edge NPU capable of accelerating quantized neural networks. All proposed solutions are fully compatible with the above NPU, demonstrating an up to 60 FPS rate when reconstructing Full HD resolution images. A detailed description of all models developed in the challenge is provided in this paper.

为了使腿部机器人与人类和动物的运动能力相匹配，它们不仅必须产生强大的周期性步行和跑步，而且还必须在名义运动步态和更专业的瞬态操纵之间无缝切换。尽管最近在两足机器人的控制方面取得了进步，但几乎没有集中精力产生高度动态的行为。利用强化学习制定控制腿机器人的政策的最新工作表明，在产生强大的步行行为方面取得了成功。但是，这些学识渊博的政策难以在单个网络上表达多种不同行为。受腿部机器人的常规优化控制技术的启发，这项工作应用了一个经常性的策略来执行四步，90度转弯，使用从优化的单个刚体模型轨迹生成的参考数据进行了训练。我们提出了一个新型的培训框架，该培训框架使用结尾终端奖励从预先计算的轨迹数据中学习特定行为，并证明了双皮亚机器人Cassie上的硬件成功转移。

在这项工作中，我们提出了一种方法，用于生成降低的模型参考轨迹，用于用于双皮亚机器人的高度动态操作的一般类别，用于SIM卡之间，用于SIM卡至现实的增强学习。我们的方法是利用单个刚体模型（SRBM）来优化轨迹的库库，以用作学习政策的奖励函数中的专家参考。该方法将模型的动态旋转和翻译行为转化为全阶机器人模型，并成功将其传输到真实硬件。 SRBM的简单性允许快速迭代和行为改进，而基于学习的控制器的鲁棒性则可以将高度动态的动作传输到硬件。 ％在这项工作中，我们介绍了一套可转移性约束，将SRBM动态修改为实际的两足机器人硬件，这是我们为动态步进，转动操作和跳跃创建最佳轨迹的框架。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一套可转移性约束，将SRBM动力学修改为实际的双皮亚机器人硬件，我们为各种高度动态的操作创建最佳轨迹的框架，以及我们整合参考轨迹的高速强化跑步轨迹的方法学习政策。我们验证了在两足机器人Cassie上的方法，我们成功地展示了高达3.0 m/s的高度动态接地步态。

尽管电子健康记录是生物医学研究的丰富数据来源，但这些系统并未在医疗环境中统一地实施，并且由于医疗保健碎片化和孤立的电子健康记录之间缺乏互操作性，可能缺少大量数据。考虑到缺少数据的案例的删除可能会在随后的分析中引起严重的偏见，因此，一些作者更喜欢采用多重插补策略来恢复缺失的信息。不幸的是，尽管几项文献作品已经通过使用现在可以自由研究的任何不同的多个归档算法记录了有希望的结果，但尚无共识，MI算法效果最好。除了选择MI策略之外，归纳算法及其应用程序设置的选择也至关重要且具有挑战性。在本文中，受鲁宾和范布伦的开创性作品的启发，我们提出了一个方法学框架，可以应用于评估和比较多种多个插补技术，旨在选择用于计算临床研究工作中最有效的推断。我们的框架已被应用于验证和扩展较大的队列，这是我们在先前的文献研究中提出的结果，我们在其中评估了关键患者的描述符和Covid-19的影响在2型糖尿病患者中的影响，其数据为2型糖尿病，其数据为2型糖尿病由国家共同队列合作飞地提供。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

深入学习被证明是通过物理信息的神经网络（PINNS）求解部分微分方程（PDE）的有效工具。 Pinns将PDE残差嵌入到神经网络的损耗功能中，已成功用于解决各种前向和逆PDE问题。然而，第一代Pinns的一个缺点是它们通常具有许多训练点即使具有有限的准确性。在这里，我们提出了一种新的方法，梯度增强的物理信息的神经网络（GPInns），用于提高Pinns的准确性和培训效率。 GPInns利用PDE残差的梯度信息，并将梯度嵌入损耗功能。我们广泛地测试了GPinns，并证明了GPInns在前进和反向PDE问题中的有效性。我们的数值结果表明，GPInn比贴图更好地表现出较少的训练点。此外，我们将GPIn与基于残留的自适应细化（RAR）的方法组合，一种用于在训练期间自适应地改善训练点分布的方法，以进一步提高GPInn的性能，尤其是具有陡峭梯度的溶液的PDE。

Large, labeled datasets have driven deep learning methods to achieve expert-level performance on a variety of medical imaging tasks. We present CheXpert, a large dataset that contains 224,316 chest radiographs of 65,240 patients. We design a labeler to automatically detect the presence of 14 observations in radiology reports, capturing uncertainties inherent in radiograph interpretation. We investigate different approaches to using the uncertainty labels for training convolutional neural networks that output the probability of these observations given the available frontal and lateral radiographs. On a validation set of 200 chest radiographic studies which were manually annotated by 3 board-certified radiologists, we find that different uncertainty approaches are useful for different pathologies. We then evaluate our best model on a test set composed of 500 chest radiographic studies annotated by a consensus of 5 board-certified radiologists, and compare the performance of our model to that of 3 additional radiologists in the detection of 5 selected pathologies. On Cardiomegaly, Edema, and Pleural Effusion, the model ROC and PR curves lie above all 3 radiologist operating points. We release the dataset to the public as a standard benchmark to evaluate performance of chest radiograph interpretation models. 1

Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) provides detailed spectral information and has been utilised in many real-world applications. This work introduces an HSI dataset of building facades in a light industry environment with the aim of classifying different building materials in a scene. The dataset is called the Light Industrial Building HSI (LIB-HSI) dataset. This dataset consists of nine categories and 44 classes. In this study, we investigated deep learning based semantic segmentation algorithms on RGB and hyperspectral images to classify various building materials, such as timber, brick and concrete.

Strategic test allocation plays a major role in the control of both emerging and existing pandemics (e.g., COVID-19, HIV). Widespread testing supports effective epidemic control by (1) reducing transmission via identifying cases, and (2) tracking outbreak dynamics to inform targeted interventions. However, infectious disease surveillance presents unique statistical challenges. For instance, the true outcome of interest - one's positive infectious status, is often a latent variable. In addition, presence of both network and temporal dependence reduces the data to a single observation. As testing entire populations regularly is neither efficient nor feasible, standard approaches to testing recommend simple rule-based testing strategies (e.g., symptom based, contact tracing), without taking into account individual risk. In this work, we study an adaptive sequential design involving n individuals over a period of {\tau} time-steps, which allows for unspecified dependence among individuals and across time. Our causal target parameter is the mean latent outcome we would have obtained after one time-step, if, starting at time t given the observed past, we had carried out a stochastic intervention that maximizes the outcome under a resource constraint. We propose an Online Super Learner for adaptive sequential surveillance that learns the optimal choice of tests strategies over time while adapting to the current state of the outbreak. Relying on a series of working models, the proposed method learns across samples, through time, or both: based on the underlying (unknown) structure in the data. We present an identification result for the latent outcome in terms of the observed data, and demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy in a simulation modeling a residential university environment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is crucial to choose the appropriate scale in order to build an effective and informational representation of a complex system. Scientists carefully choose the scales for their experiments to extract the variables that describe the causalities in the system. They found that the coarse scale(macro) is sometimes more causal and informative than the numerous-parameter observations(micro). The phenomenon that the causality emerges by coarse-graining is called Causal Emergence(CE). Based on information theory, a number of recent works quantitatively showed that CE indeed happens while coarse-graining a micro model to the macro. However, the existing works have not discussed the question of why and when the CE happens. We quantitatively analyze the redistribution of uncertainties for coarse-graining and suggest that the redistribution of uncertainties is the cause of causal emergence. We further analyze the thresholds that determine if CE happens or not. From the regularity of the transition probability matrix(TPM) of discrete systems, the mathematical expressions of the model properties are derived. The values of thresholds for different operations are computed. The results provide the critical and specific conditions of CE as helpful suggestions for choosing the proper coarse-graining operation. The results also provided a new way to better understand the nature of causality and causal emergence.